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Philosophers from the Middle Ages include the Christian philosophers Augustine of Hippo, Boethius, Anselm, Gilbert of Poitiers, Peter Abelard, Roger Bacon, Bonaventure, Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham and Jean Buridan.<br/><br/> The Jewish philosophers include Maimonides and Gersonides; and the Muslim philosophers Alkindus, Alfarabi, Alhazen, Avicenna, Algazel, Avempace, Abubacer, Ibn Khaldun, and Averroes.<br/><br/> Some authorities suggest that one of the figures in this miniature represents Al-Kindi, or Abu Yusuf YaÊ»qub ibn Ishaq as-á¹¢abbaḥ al-Kindi (c. 801–873 CE), known as 'the Philosopher of the Arabs', a Muslim Arab philosopher, polymath, mathematician, physician and musician. Al-Kindi was the first of the Muslim peripatetic philosophers, and is unanimously hailed as the 'father of Islamic or Arabic philosophy' for his synthesis, adaptation and promotion of Greek and Hellenistic philosophy in the Muslim world.
Al-Mubashshir ibn Fatik was a scholar and patron of the Fatimid court in Cairo in the middle of the eleventh century. He studied medicine, astronomy, and history, and composed a lost <i>History of the Fatimid Caliph al-Mustaná¹£ir</i> (r. 1036–1094). His only book to have survived, <i>The Choicest Maxims and Best Sayings</i>, gives 20 biographies of some of the main Semitic, Greek, and Egyptian figures of wisdom and prophecy.<br/><br/> An important part of the biographical and gnomological materials may be compared with similar fragments attested in Greek literature. The Choicest Maxims was a medieval success, translated in at least four European languages from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries.